<p>The original Fish and Fur Club building is at Main  and Pearl Streets in Nelsonville, New York, United States. It is now used as Nelsonville&#39;s village hall. In 1982 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places .</p><br>
<p>It is a single-story three-by-three-bay wood frame building on a stone foundation. An asphalt-shingled hipped roof is pierced in the front by a triangular dormer with a semicircular window. On the front is a poured-concrete porch with wooden posts and railings, leading to the main entrance, a recessed, panelled and glazed double door with a three-part transom. It is flanked by two wood-framed glass bay windows.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The club was organized in 1895 by local outdoor sportsmen, who hunted, trapped and fished in the nearby Hudson River and Hudson Highlands. They met first at the home of one member, next to a local blacksmith&#39;s shop, then in another building at Main and Division streets. They decided to buy land for a clubhouse of their own, and bought the current parcel in spring 1905. Bonds bought by every member financed the $1,500 ($ in 2008 dollars) cost of the construction by local builder Martin Adams. It opened in November with a coon supper for members and their families.</p><br>
<p>The building would soon come to be of central importance in the community. In 1923 the Nelsonville Fire Department held its first formal meeting in the club&#39;s rooms. It would meet there until the construction of its own firehouse down the street in 1955. In that year the club moved into a new annex to the east, and the village began using the original clubhouse as its justice court, the office of the village clerk and meeting room for the Village Board.</p><br>
<p>Reflecting its members interests, the original building&#39;s porch railings and posts were wood of an unfinished, rustic character, an unusual choice in the region. Those were cited as its chief source of architectural significance in its nomination to the NRHP, but have since been replaced with molded wood painted white.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 volunteers and the village began a $15,000 project to renovate the annex, which had fallen into a state of disrepair. It was completely gutted, with new walls, floors and windows installed. New heating and cooling was added, as well as a new septic system for both it and the village hall.</p><br>
<p>Keetham lake, also known as the Sur Sarovar, is a scenic lake just outside Agra on the Agra - Delhi highway .</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>This scenic lake, is about 20 km from Agra and 12 km from sikandra is located within the Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary. Keetham Lake is linked by Railway track at Keetham Railway Station and was declared as National Bird Sanctuary on 27 March 1991 by U.P. Forest Department. The riverine belt of River Yamuna surrounds the area of Sur-Sarovar.</p><br>
<p>The entire lake is formed in a catchment area of 7.13 km². Keetham Lake is pentagonal in shape. There are artificially created islands for shelter and breeding grounds to the migratory birds.The best thing is that is placed on the way of Delhi and tourist can visit during their journey to Agra.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climatic conditions of the lake area is typical of Uttar Pradesh plains with hot windy summers and extremely cold winters. The average temperature ranges between 1.5 C to 49 C. The monsoon season occurs during July to September.</p><br>
<h2>Water Management</h2><br>
<p>The raw water for Keetham Lake is obtained from Agra Canal originating from Okhla barrage on River Yamuna in Delhi. At Delhi Agra road, the Agra Canal water is diverted through Jodhpur branch near Anand Engineering College located about 2 km from Keetham. The lake water of Keetham is also used as raw water intake for Mathura Refinery Water Treatment Plant located in vicinity of Keetham Lake</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>U.P. Forest Department has created woodlands and developed shallow areas near lake, making it a natural habitat for birds nesting sites. Controversially, Uttar Pradesh Government has decided to reduce the Eco-sensitive zone limit around Keetham Lake from 10 kilometres to just 250 metres.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>More than 106 species of migratory and resident birds are known to have their resting habitats at Sur Sarovar. The entire lake area gets covered by profuse growth of macrophytic vegetation of water hyacinth (Eichornia sp.) and Potamogeton sp. during summers. The water quality of Keetham lake supports wide range of avifauna during winter season.</p><br>
<p>The important aquatic birds inhabiting Keetham lake are:</p><br>
<p>Little Gerbs,</p><br>
<p>Cormorants,</p><br>
<p>Darter,</p><br>
<p>Grey Heron,</p><br>
<p>Purple Heron,</p><br>
<p>Paddy Bird,</p><br>
<p>Cattle Egrets,</p><br>
<p>Large Egrets,</p><br>
<p>Smaller Egrets,</p><br>
<p>Little Egrets,</p><br>
<p>Night Heron,</p><br>
<p>Indian Reef Heron,</p><br>
<p>Black necked Stork,</p><br>
<p>white Ibis,</p><br>
<p>Spon Bill,</p><br>
<p>Greying Goose,</p><br>
<p>Bar headed Goose,</p><br>
<p>Lesser Whistling Teal,</p><br>
<p>Ruddy Shelduck,</p><br>
<p>Pintail,</p><br>
<p>Common Teal,</p><br>
<p>Spot Billed Duck,</p><br>
<p>Gadwall, Wigeon,</p><br>
<p>Shoveler, and</p><br>
<p>Comb Duck.</p><br>
<p>Walker Island is an island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The 15 hectare island is part of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprise part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Walker Island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (2-300 pairs), short-tailed shearwater (146,000 pairs), fairy prion (3,000 pairs), common diving-petrel (500 pairs), silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. The island is a haul-out site for the Australian fur seal and an occasional breeding site for the New Zealand fur seal. The Tasmanian tree skink is present.</p><br>
<p>Île des Morts  is a 7-hectare island in the Bay of Roscanvel, to the south-west of the roadstead of Brest, between the Quélern peninsula and Île Longue. It is 26m above sea level at its highest point.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1720, the neighbouring island of Trébéron became a quarantine island or lazaret for lepers, with Île des Morts as its cemetery. During the 18th century, the arsenal at Brest was supplied with gunpowder from the powder-mills of Pont-de-Buis. Transported by boat, the gunpowder made a last stop at the île dArun, at the mouth of the River Aulne. However, the magazine on the île dArun was small and remote from Brest and was not convenient in the context of the Napoleonic Wars, with the British fleet blockading Brest. In 1808, Jean-Nicolas Trouille, director of the maritime works at Brest, decided to develop Île de Morts by adding powder magazines. The rock-breaking works done by convicts from the Brest prison allowed him to level a plateau on which to build three 45m-long and 12m wide two-level powder-magazines (in which the use of metal was banned to avoid risk of explosion). In completing the magazines, he also built a mole out towards île Trébéron, several landing points and a barracks for the magazines&#39; garrison.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, with the railways&#39; arrival in Brest, the French Navy decided to build a new powder magazine at the Saint-Nicolas powder-factory, at Guipavas. Even so, the Île des Morts continued in use in both World Wars, during which time the metal "Decauville" road was built, which still survives. In 1960, the installations on the island were decommissioned and some years later the island became included in the protective perimeter around Île Longue - it is still closed to public access.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The pointe du Grand Gouin is a rocky promontory with vertical cliffs to the west of the inlet of Camaret-sur-Mer in France. It protects a port which, in Vauban&#39;s era, was vulnerable to possible landings. It is divided into the Grand Gouin  and the Petit Gouin .</p><br>
<h2>Grand Gouin</h2><br>
<p>In 1693, Vauban began to organise the defences of Brest with batteries and fortifications all along the Camaret bay, from the pointe du Gouin to the Quélern lines (Louis XIV of France had been warned of an Anglo-Dutch attack in the area, but did not know its precise landing point). In 1695 a mortar battery was set up on the Grand Gouin, though its location is now unknown. These mortar batteries could be directed towards the Cameret inlet and crossed their field of fire with those at Tremet, as well as covering the goulet de Brest to harry an approaching enemy.</p><br>
<p>The Germans built a platform for four 220mm Schneider guns on a new site here between 1942 and 1943, known as Camaret battery and manned by the 1/1274 HKAA (Heeres-Küsten-Artillerie-Abteilung). This had a range of 22 km and formed the most important coastal defence for the Crozon peninsula. It was made up of four batteries (one gun each), each accompanied by four bunkers, as well as a fire-direction point and many anti-aircraft guns.</p><br>
<h2>Petit Gouin</h2><br>
<p>A battery was built here in 1813, and reorganised in 1859 (during the reinforcement of coastal defence begun in 1841) as a model-redoubt (1846 type, number two). In 1941 the Germans added 2 barrack-casemates on a platform, both armed with nearby 105mm guns. There is also an underground magazine on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Superb was used as USA President Warren G. Hardings personal Pullman railroad car in a cross-country tour in 1923. After Hardings death, the car returned his body from San Francisco to Washington, D.C. Built in 1911, it is the second-oldest steel private car in existence. It had been used by Woodrow Wilson. In 1926 it was temporarily renamed Pope Pius XI for the Cardinal&#39;s Train from New York City to Chicago. Later it was an office car for the Charleston and West Carolina, Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Coast Line railroads.</p><br>
<p>The car was donated to the Southeastern Railway Museum in Duluth, Georgia in 1969 and opened to the public in 1995 after a 20-month restoration. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 9, 1998.</p><br>
<p>Round Top Island is an island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The 6.25 hectare island is part of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s highest point is 165 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird species are the short-tailed shearwater (8900 pairs), fairy prion (9300 pairs), common diving-petrel (8700 pairs), Pacific gull and silver gull. The metallic skink and Tasmanian tree skink are present.</p><br>
<p>The Silver Lake Reservoirs comprise two concrete-lined basins, Ivanhoe Reservoir and Silver Lake, divided by a spillway, in the Silver Lake community of Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lower body of water was named in 1906 for Water Board Commissioner Herman Silver, and in turn lends its name to the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs are owned and maintained by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (DWP), and could provide water to 600,000 homes in downtown and South Los Angeles; however, only the smaller of the two, Ivanhoe, remains online. At capacity, it holds 795 e6USgal of water. The Silver Lake Reservoir&#39;s water resources will be replaced by the Headworks Reservoir, an underground reservoir north of Griffith Park, slated for completion by December 2017.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is the focal point of the community and has evolved as a regional recreational resource. It is surrounded by several recreational areas, including a dog park on the south, a nursery school on the north, and the Silver Lake Recreation Center, which includes a basketball court on the south side of the lake. There is also a walking and jogging path, which stretches 2.2 mi around the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>In December 2007, the DWP announced that the Silver Lake and Ivanhoe reservoirs had both become contaminated with unusually high levels of the cancer-causing chemical bromate, and were immediately isolated. The reservoirs were both drained over several weeks in March 2008, and refilled in May 2008.</p><br>
<p>Two months later, 400,000 black hollow plastic shade balls were placed in Ivanhoe, which remains in use, to reduce the likelihood of the sunlight-fueled bromate. Silver Lake Reservoir was taken offline permanently. This incident pointed out the necessity of protecting the water supply by using underground tanks. The black plastic balls were created in Allentown, Pennsylvania by Orange Products Inc. The balls are also used at airports to prevent birds from landing in water runoff, thus preventing birds from being drawn into aircraft engines. The balls were certified by NSF International which certifies the safety of food, water, and consumer goods. In February 2013 LADWP contracted with Glendora, California-based manufacturer XavierC LLC to supply an additional 6.4 million hollow plastic shade balls for reservoirs.</p><br>
<p>Sandy Glacier is an alpine glacier located on the west slope of Mount Hood in the USA state of Oregon. It extends in elevation from about 8800 to 6000 ft. The glacier is the source of Muddy Fork, a tributary of the Sandy River. The upper extent of the glacier is known for extensive crevasses. The lower extent was marked by the Sandy Glacier Caves, possibly the largest glacier cave system in the lower 48 USA states.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is a remnant of the massive glaciers that formed during the last ice age. It is bounded on the south by Yocum Ridge which also defines the northern side of Reid Glacier, and by a ridge on the north which defines part of the Hood River-Clackamas county border which also bounds the south side of Glisan Glacier. The glacier lies entirely within Mount Hood Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Sandy Glacier decreased in area by 40% between 1907 and 2004. The glacier terminus has retreated by 690 m over the same time period.</p><br>
<p>Steensby Inlet is a waterway in Nunavut&#39;s Qikiqtaaluk Region. It extends northerly from Foxe Basin into central Baffin Island. There are several unnamed islands within the inlet, and Koch Island lies outside of it. The Steensby Inlet Ice Stream arose after the deglaciation of Foxe Basin.</p><br>
<p>It is named in honor of Hans Peder Steensby, ethnographer and professor of geography at the University of Copenhagen.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation is mining for iron ore north of the inlet.</p><br>
<p>Iron ore was first found in the Mary River area in 1962.</p><br>
<p>The Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation had plans to build a 149 km railroad line connecting the inlet to a mine-site in the Mary River area. According to the Railway Gazette this would have been the most northerly railroad line in the world.</p><br>
<p>The Willam R. Belknap School is a former school building in the Belknap neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It was designated as a local landmark by the Louisville Metro Landmarks Commission in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The school takes its name from the developer of the surrounding neighborhood. In 1995, the Belknap neighborhood association took a geometric motif from the school building for its logo.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building and its grounds originally took up an entire 2.15 acre city block. The building has about 30,000 ft&sup2; of indoor space.</p><br>
<p>The Belknap School is a two-story building on a raised basement. The building has a central projecting entry bay and projecting end wings. The central projecting entrance contains double doors with a single transom. The panes have geometric mullions. This entrance is encased in a stone surround with an arched tympanum lined with exaggerated dentils. Within the tympanum is a central lamp with the words "LUX ET VERITAS, light and truth," above an open book with a fig branch. In the lintel is a band of exaggerated dentils. In the stone surround; the school name, WILLIAM</p><br>
<p>R. BELKNAP SCHOOL, is located above the doors, flanked by applied decorative terra cotta motifs.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor is a pair of windows with vertical mullions in both sash, and crosshatch mullions in the upper portion of the upper sash. Flanking the windows are applied, terra cotta torch motifs. The inside walls of this projecting bay contain three stepped windows on the first level and paired windows on the second with the flanking torch motifs. The fenestration of the recessed facade plane which flanks the entrance bay consists of five basement-story windows and five windows on both the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>The basement-story windows have six-over-six lights. A stone band divides the basement-story from the first floor. The first and second floor windows contain unusually patterned geometric lights. Pilasters rise from the sill of the first floor windows to the lintels of the second floor windows, with tapestry-like terra cotta panels on the pilasters between the second: floor windows. A stone band divides the second floor from the large parapet wall with a stone coping.</p><br>
<p>On the inside walls of each wing are three basement-story windows and two first and second floor windows with the same mullion patterns found on the recessed front facade windows. Applied tapestry-like panels are found on the second floor. The ends of the wings contain no fenestration and are the most decorative planes of the structure. The same tapestry-like panels found on the other facade planes are also located here, on both sides of a central, slightly recessed plane which contains banding and brickwork which comprise another tapestry-like design. The stone band which divides the basement-story from the first floor is interrupted by an elongated arch with a medallion containing an old city of Louisville emblem.</p><br>
<p>On every outside corner of the building at the parapet level is a band of exaggerated dentils with projecting ends. On the right side of the building is an entrance for the boys and on the left side is an entrance for the girls. The entrance is within a stone surround with the tapestry-like applied motifs on each side of the entrance. The name BOYS and GIRLS is located in the lintel. There are small paired windows above the entrance and another larger pair on the second level. The rest of the fenestration on the side walls of the building is the same as that found on the front. The windows on the rear of the building have nine-over-nine lights.</p><br>
<p>The polygonal smokestack contains some of the same decorative elements found on the school building. Every door knob on the interior is a bust of William R. Belknap.</p><br>
<p>It is not clear what material was used in the surrounds and applied motifs and banding on this building. It is terra cotta, stone or cement - most likely a combination of all three. Assumptions were made as to the material used in the context of the description. If and when terra cotta was used, it is unglazed.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Belknap School is an example in Louisville of the eclectic styles of the early twentieth century. The craftsmanship displayed in the terra cotta ornamentation on the buildings exterior make it one of the citys finest examples of Sullivanesque detailing.</p><br>
<p>The Belknap School was designed in an eclectic style. The plan is typical of the new Elizabethan style schools of the period, but the decorative elements are both classical and Sullivanesque. The main entrance is ar example of the combination of the decorative motifs. Exaggerated dentils line the arched panel above the double doors. This panel also contains a lamp, symbolic of enlightenment, hope, window and truth, an open book, symbolic of intellectual attainment, and a fig branch from the tree of knowledge. The remaining elements are stylized foliate patterns, typical of Sullivanesque detailing.</p><br>
<p>The projecting end wings of the building also contain geometric and foliate stylized panels, described in a 1916 article from The Courier-Journal as tapestries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The William R. Belknap School, named for William Richardson Belknap, was the last of seven schools built with a local bond issue from</p><br>
<p>1914 to 1916. J. Earl Henry was architect for schools and also designed Louisville Male High School and Brandeis Elementary School, both of which are also on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Henry was in partnership with Brinton B. Davis before becoming school architect, and assisted Davis in the plans for the Broadway School. Henry is known particularly for his use of classical and mythical symbolism, as well as his ingenuous eclectic designs. The Belknap School remained a neighborhood school until 1978 when it was closed.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson County Public Schools sold the building to a private company which reopened the school building as office space in 1983. A portion was used by the Christian Academy of Louisville from 1994 to 1998. Vineyard Christian Church held services in the building in 2002 until 2006.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the school building was converted into 20 condominium units. As a part of the plant, a new condo building was built on the school lot just south of the original building. The new building was built to roughly resemble the original building and have a similar footprint.</p><br>
<p>Mount Jim Crow is a trachyte plug that lies between Rockhampton and Yeppoon, Australia. Standing at approximately 150 m above the surrounding plains , Mount Jim Crow affords a panoramic view of the surrounding landscape. Mount Wheeler can be seen to the southeast, while many other trachyte formations can be seen to the north and west.</p><br>
<p>Well covered by trees and scrub, Mount Jim Crow has no signed walking trails and climbing up the slopes is not recommended. The surface consists mostly of broken shale rock. There are several small but sheer cliffs, mostly on the southeastern face, which can be clearly seen from the Capricorn Highway.</p><br>
<p>Mount Jim Crow holds a significance to the Darumbal Aboriginal people and its creation is told in a Dreaming legend:</p><br>
<p>In the Dreamtime long ago, a boy and a girl from the tribe fell in love and wanted to marry. The old people were distraught as it was against the tribal code to marry someone from the same totem. The couple took no notice, running away to hide in the flat scrub of what is now Mount Jim Crow. The rainbow serpent, or Moomdagytta, sitting up on Mount Wheeler (to the south-east) saw the dilemma and decided to intervene. He spun himself around between the girl and boy with such force, bringing up trees and dirt until a mountain appeared separating the couple. His powers frightened the couple and from then on they abided by the tribal code.</p><br>
<p>The Wild Wind Islets comprise a group of five steep rocky unpopulated islets located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 2 km south of where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 3.95 hectare islets are one of the eight islands that comprise the Mutton Bird Islands Group. The Wild Wind Islets are part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird species are the short-tailed shearwater, (20,000 pairs), fairy prion (3000 pairs), common diving-petrel (3000 pairs) and silver gull. The white-bellied sea-eagle has nested there. The metallic skink is present.</p><br>
<p>Ten Sleep Mercantile, also known as Ten Sleep Hardware, is an example of a typical small-town general store. Located in Ten Sleep, Wyoming, it has been the focal point of the town since it was built in 1905 by H.T. Church. Upon Church&#39;s death in 1918 the property was bought by Buffalo businessman and rancher Alex Healy  in an agreement that brought the store under the control of Paul Frison. Frison, who later served as mayor of Ten Sleep and as a Wyoming state legislator, operated the store from 1918 to 1943.</p><br>
<p>Ten Sleep Mercantile is an example of the tall, narrow and deep commercial buildings commonly found in small American towns. The two story balloon frame building is the best preserved building of its kind in Ten Sleep. The building is clad in wood clapboards. The front facade features a rod-supported shed roofed porch sheltering display windows and a recessed double door. The second floor has three double-hung windows, while the top of the facade is capped with a simplified bracketed cornice. The side elevations feature a stepped parapet following the single-pitched main roof as it rises from the rear to the front. On the east side a covered stairway climbs to the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The interior is well preserved with a large, deep main room and a pressed tin ceiling and plastered walls. A row of arched columns support the second floor. The second floor originally comprised two large rooms for the live-in owners, now subdivided. An unfinished basement underlies all.</p><br>
<p>Paul Frison was significant as a local historian who was instrumental in promoting the Black and Yellow Trail, a tourist route on US 14 from Chicago to Yellowstone National Park running through Ten Sleep. The trail&#39;s name was derived from the fact that it linked the Black Hills and Yellowstone. Established in 1912, the route featured Ten Sleep Canyon, just to the east of the town.</p><br>
<p>South East Mutton Bird Islet is a steep unpopulated islet located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 2 km south of where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 0.52 hectare islet is one of the eight islands that comprise the Mutton Bird Islands Group. The South East Mutton Bird Islet is part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The islet is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird species are the short-tailed shearwater (250 pairs), fairy prion (1000 pairs), black-faced cormorant and silver gull.</p><br>
<p>The Wyoming State Hospital, once known as the Wyoming State Insane Asylum, is located in Evanston, Wyoming, United States. The historic district occupies the oldest portion of the grounds and includes fifteen contributing buildings, including the main administrative building, staff and patient dormitories, staff apartments and houses, a cafeteria and other buildings, many of which were designed by Cheyenne, Wyoming architect William Dubois. Established in 1887, the historic buildings span the period 1907-1948. At one point it was common for new hall additions to be named after the counties in Wyoming. The recent addition of Aspen, Cottonwood, and Evergreen halls do not follow this trend.</p><br>
<p>Four buildings were designed by Casper architects Goodrich & Wilking.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Women's Building</h3><br>
<p>The Women&#39;s Building is the oldest patient dormitory, built in 1908 with a 1913 addition by Bergstrom and Carruth in the late Victorian Romanesque style. The structure is now called Fremont Hall and Albany Hall. It consists of a central block with identical side wings. The two story building measures 172 ft by 57 ft, with 23,760 ft&sup2; of area. The foundation is local rock-faced ashlar sandstone. Exterior walls are pressed brick. The bellcast hipped roof is metal in lieu of the original slate, with hipped dormers. Two 10 ft by 45 ft porches feature brick arcades topped by low brick walls. The interior includes a full basement with a corridor linking to other campus buildings. The first and second floors are laid out with a central corridor and rooms on each side. The interior is furnished with maple floors and beaded wood wainscot.</p><br>
<h3>Men's Building</h3><br>
<p>The original 1887 Building for Men was destroyed by fire, but the 1916 north wing addition by Bergstrom and Carruth remains. An administration wing and the south wing date to 1918, while the east wing was built in 1923. All were designed by William Dubois. The north and east wings are now called Natrona and Laramie Halls and the south wing is Converse/Weston Hall. The facility now houses the hospitals administration and planning offices, the library, and the occupational therapy department. The two story building measures 297 by and contains 64,016 ft&sup2;. The reinforced concrete and steel building is faced with brick with stone-jointed stucco on secondary elevations. The hipped roof is covered with metal. A one story classical portico with stone columns forms the buildings focus. On the interior, wood floors remain under modern carpet. The wings have partial basements while the administrative wing has a full basement with a connection to the underground campus corridor system, connecting to the Women&#39;s Building through the north wing and to Whalen Hall through the east wing. Main floors have central corridors with rooms to each side.</p><br>
<h3>Building for Special Male Patients</h3><br>
<p>This one story building was designed by Dubois and built in 1918 in a Classical Revival style. Known as Sheridan Hall it once housed Adolescent Services but has since discontinued this service. The H-shaped building measures 57 by and totals 8,058 ft&sup2;. The exterior is faced with brick with a hipped metal roof. A central hall runs the length of the building, flanked by large dormitory rooms.</p><br>
<h3>New Building for Women</h3><br>
<p>Designed by Dubois, the building was built in 1926 by George Whitemyer and Sons of Ogden, Utah. Known as Lincoln, Platte and Washakie Halls, the L-shaped two story building is designed in the Classical Revival style. It measures 120 ft by 100 ft with 22,128 ft&sup2;. Resting on a painted stone foundation, it is faced in brick. The New Building for Women features and arcaded porch. The interior is a central corridor arrangement with rooms in a variety of sizes to either side.</p><br>
<h3>Building for Employees</h3><br>
<p>Known as Clark Hall, the Building for Employees is another Dubois building built by Carruth. The 19,200 ft&sup2; building features cast stone columns and pilasters supporting a full entablature.</p><br>
<h3>Building for the Criminally Insane</h3><br>
<p>A Dubois design, the 1935 building is known as Carbon and Johnson Halls. The east portion now houses offices for Adolescent Services, while the west portion houses classrooms. The H-shaped building is about 77 by containing 24,640 ft&sup2;. The brick building is detailed with terra cotta and faced with wire-cut brick.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings include the laundry, a chicken granary and a calf barn, all now used for shops or storage, a carpenter shop and paint shop.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>South West Mutton Bird Islet is a dome-shaped unpopulated islet located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 2 km south of where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 0.52 hectare islet is one of the eight islands that comprise the Mutton Bird Islands Group. The South West Mutton Bird Islet is part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of Mutton Bird Island is 28 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The islet is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird species are the short-tailed shearwater, (1000 pairs) and fairy prion (200 pairs).</p><br>
<p>Mutton Bird Island is an irregularly shaped unpopulated island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 2 km south of where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 44 hectare is the largest of the eight islands that comprise the Mutton Bird Islands Group. The Mutton Bird Island is part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of Mutton Bird Island is 40 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (3,000 pairs), short-tailed shearwater, (530,000 pairs), fairy prion (2,500 pairs), Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. Reptiles present are the metallic skink and Tasmanian tree skink.</p><br>
<p>The J.Y. Dykman Store is located at Main  and Pearl streets in the village of Nelsonville, New York, United States, across from the Fish and Fur Club, now the village hall. Like that building, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is currently an antique map store.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story, four-bay clapboard-sided frame building. Three of the front four bays are taken up by wood-framed plate glass windows and the recessed double-door entrance with single-light transom; the western bay is a garage added later on. Above it is a bracketed sheet metal entablature with the words "J.Y. DYKMAN" and fleur-de-lis and swag motifs on the fascia and pilaster capitals.</p><br>
<p>The 1876 Beers map of the Nelsonville area, the earliest one, shows the corner as part of the Gouverneur estate. By 1912 James Y. Dykman, a prominent local businessman who had already opened a feed store nearby, is listed as the owner of a grocery at the site.</p><br>
<p>Reid Glacier is an alpine glacier located on the west slope of Mount Hood in the USA state of Oregon. It ranges in elevation from about 9800 to 6000 ft. The glacier is the source of the Sandy River. The upper extent of the glacier is known for extensive crevasses.</p><br>
<p>The glacier is a remnant of the massive glaciers that formed during the last ice age. It is bounded on the north by Yokum Ridge which also defines the southern side of Sandy Glacier, and by a ridge on the south bounding the north side of Zigzag Glacier. The eastern and upper reaches of this ridge include Illumination Rock. The uppermost portion of the glacier is below Leuthold Couloir. The glacier lies entirely within Mount Hood Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Between 1907 and 2004, Reid Glacier lost 35% of its surface area. The glacier terminus has retreated by 1,607 ft over the same time period.</p><br>
<p>Minthorn Hall is an academic building on the campus of George Fox University in Newberg, Oregon, United States. Built in 1887, the hall was moved ten blocks to its current location in 1892. The three-story frame building is the oldest building on the campus of the school, and was the first building of the Quaker school. Future President Herbert Hoover may have briefly lived in the structure prior to its conversion to a school building. The hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1887, construction began on a dormitory and gym for boys in Newberg for the Friends Pacific Academy, which became Pacific College in 1891. The then two-story building was completed that year and Herbert Hoover is believed to have then lived there for a few months into 1888. In 1892, the structure was moved ten blocks to its current location on the campus of what is now George Fox University by a house mover named Mr. Clark. After the move a third floor was added with the addition of a daylight basement, and the entire hall was then used as a dormitory for women.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, known then as Kanyon Hall, it was renovated under the guidance of Donald W. Edmundson, Harlan Jones, and Laurence Skene. In 1962, the residence hall was converted into classroom space in a renovation led by Donald H. Lindren. In 1992, the school restored the upper floor with lighting and woodwork reminiscent of the original 1887 structure, and the following year the Spring Break Quake knocked the chimney over and knocked plaster off the walls. Now Minthorn Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The hall is named for Henry John and Laura Minthorn, early supporters of the college and Hoovers aunt and uncle. The hanging of the then Democratic Party Presidential nominees effigy led to the suspension of the students and other sanctions.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Colonial Revival style structure has two above-ground floors and a daylight basement for a total of three floors. Minthorn Hall’s foundation is composed of bricks, with a coating of stucco on the exterior. The building is a wood-frame structure built with rough-hewn lumber and with cedar shake siding. Composition shingles are used on the roof.</p><br>
<p>John Palmer House is a historic house in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>John Palmer was a builder who settled in Portland, Oregon in the 19th century. Construction on the John Palmer House was started in 1890. John Palmer’s wife died just four years after moving into the home. For many years the home was used as the Multnomah Conservatory of Music. The Sauter Family purchased the John Palmer House in the late 1960s and lavished great care and attention on the home. They opened the home as a bed and breakfast and hosted many receptions and weddings in the beautiful garden. Maggie Kolkena and Susan Dunn purchased the home in 2008 for use by not-for-profit organizations. Refreshing this grand old house has included complete re-wiring and re-plumbing, the remodel of the kitchen and addition of a modern bathroom. The main floor, with its extravagant Bradbury & Bradbury wallpapers, remains largely unchanged. External work was initiated in the spring of 2010. The house has a new roof, a repaired porch and a new coat of paint.</p><br>
<p>The house at 3 Crown Street in Nelsonville, New York, United States is located at the corner of Crown, a short side street, and Secor Street. It is a 19th-century brick home that was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as "the finest mid-century Italianate structure in the area."</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story, five-bay brick house on a stone foundation. The centrally-located doorway, behind a shed-roofed porch with two decorative piers, has an arched transom and four-paneled sidelights. All the windows have segmented arched brick lintels and shutters. The gabled roofline is distinguished by a modillioned cornice, and is pierced by two brick chimneys on the south and one large one at a cross-gable on the north. A rear wing has been added since the house was built.</p><br>
<p>Local property tax records suggest the house was built in 1868. It does not appear on the first map of Nelsonville, in 1867, but is on an 1876 version. There, its owner is identified as J. and B. Secor. Local builder E. Ferris, with whom Secor co-owned another property in town, is noted as being active in that area of the village on the earlier map. He is thus considered likely to have built 3 Crown Street.</p><br>
<p>Since the Secors, it has been through a number of owners, mainly physicians. They have collectively made very little change to the house.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer Park Apartment Building Historic District is a historic district located in Detroit, Michigan. It is roughly bounded by Pontchartrain Boulevard on the west, McNichols Road on the south, and Covington Drive on the northeast. A boundary increase pushed the eastern boundary to Woodward Avenue. The district showcases some of the most ornate and most varied examples of apartment building design in Michigan, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land that this historic district sits on, like the adjacent Palmer Park and nearby Palmer Woods Historic District, was once the estate of Thomas W. Palmer, a wealthy Detroiter and one-time US Senator. Palmer had intended to develop this area into a subdivision, but died in 1913 before bringing the idea to fruition. After Palmer&#39;s death, this portion of the estate was purchased by Walter Briggs.). Forty buildings total were constructed in the district by multiple architects, including Weidmaier and Gay, Robert West, and William Kapp. Most of the buildings were constructed in the 1920s and 1930s, but development continued until 1965.</p><br>
<p>At one time Palmer Park had a large LGBT community. At one time the area had large numbers of bars, bookstores, and restaurants owned by gay people. At that time, the only way one could acquire an apartment in the area is if one already knew another resident in the complex. Crime increased in the 1980s, and gay people began leaving. Wendy Case of Metro Times said "Ask three different people what happened to Palmer Park and youll get three different answers. But all will eventually agree that crime is what dismantled Detroits opportunity to have a gay renaissance akin to those of San Francisco and New York. The glorious art deco apartment buildings that were once at such a premium in this neighborhood are still there — but you no longer have to "know somebody" to get one. You just have to have to pony up about 300 bucks and be willing to live between a beautiful park and ungodly urban squalor." Craig Covey, a member of the city council of Ferndale, said that most of the former gay residents of Palmer Park "tended to move up Woodward Avenue and they settled in Ferndale, Royal Oak and Birmingham depending on their economic abilities. The middle-class folks came to Ferndale and Pleasant Ridge, as I did." The "Hotter Than July!" annual LGBT festival is held in Palmer Park; the festival states that it caters to the "black same-gender-loving".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The buildings within the district were designed primarily for middle- and upper-middle-class residents.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings in the district</h2><br>
<p>Temple Israel</p><br>
<p>Palmer Park Chapel of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, originally built as a Greek Orthodox Church building.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Palmer Park is within the Detroit Public Schools district. Residents are zoned to Palmer Park Preparatory Academy, formerly the Barbara Jordan School, for elementary and middle school. All residents are zoned to Mumford High School. Palmer Park is operated by teachers and not by a principal administrator.</p><br>
<p>Alberts Chapel is an unusual octagonal Methodist church located near the settlement of Sand Ridge, West Virginia. Built in the Carpenter Gothic-style, the simple, sparingly ornamented church rises to an octagonal cupola, with lancet windows and board-and-batten siding. The chapel was built in 1903 under the direction of Albert Poling by his uncle Charles Poling with materials provided by his brothers Asbury and Wesley. The church was named for Albert in recognition of his efforts.</p><br>
<p>The chapel seats as many as 300, a surprising number for such an apparently small building. A possibly apocryphal account of the origins of the octagonal design suggests that the form was chosen "so that the devil couldn&#39;t corner you in it."</p><br>
<p>The Ossipee Mountains are located just south of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, United States. Mount Shaw, at 2,990 ft, is the highest point in the range.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and physiography</h2><br>
<p>The Ossipee Mountains are the remains of an ancient volcanic ring dike. The Ossipee ring-dike complex of central New Hampshire is a visible remnant of a Cretaceous stratovolcano, ca. 125 Ma, a member of the later White Mountain igneous province. The complex is circular in plain view and has a diameter of 14 km. The ring-dike complex is easy to identify within web-browsed satellite images, the southeast edge located about 8 km northwest of the town center of Ossipee.</p><br>
<h2>Notable summits</h2><br>
<p>* Bald Knob</p><br>
<p>* Bayle Mountain</p><br>
<p>* Big Ball Mountain</p><br>
<p>* Faraway Mountain</p><br>
<p>* Mount Flagg</p><br>
<p>* Larcom Mountain</p><br>
<p>* Nickerson Mountain</p><br>
<p>* Mount Roberts</p><br>
<p>* Sentinel Mountain</p><br>
<p>* Mount Shaw</p><br>
<p>* Turtleback Mountain</p><br>
<p>* Mount Whittier</p><br>
<p>NASA&#39;s Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center , also known by its radio callsign, Houston, is the facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas that manages flight control for America&#39;s human space program, currently involving astronauts aboard the International Space Station . The center is named after Christopher C. Kraft Jr., a retired NASA engineer and manager who was instrumental in establishing the agency&#39;s Mission Control operation, and was the first Flight Director. Prime contractor for systems integration at Houston was Philco Corp., selected by NASA in January 1963.</p><br>
<p>The MCC currently houses one operational control room, from which flight controllers command, monitor, and plan operations for the ISS. This room has many computer and data-processing resources to monitor, command and communicate with the station. The ISS control room operates continuously.</p><br>
<p>In the event that the MCC-H is unavailable, from a hurricane or other unforeseen event, NASA has a Backup Control Center (BCC) located at the Marshall Space Flight Center and is in the Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC) at Marshall Space Flight Center for ISS operations. (Unmanned US civilian satellites are controlled from the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, while California&#39;s Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages unmanned US space probes.)</p><br>
<h2>Cape Canaveral (1960–1965)</h2><br>
<p>All Mercury–Redstone, Mercury-Atlas, the unmanned Gemini 1 and Gemini 2, and manned Gemini 3 missions were controlled by the Mission Control Center (called the Mercury Control Center through 1963) at Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex, Florida. This facility was in the Engineering Support Building at the east end of Mission Control Road, about 0.5 mile (0.8 km) east of Phillips Parkway. Mercury and Gemini launches were conducted from separate blockhouses at the Cape.</p><br>
<p>The building, which was on the National Register of Historic Places, was demolished in May 2010 due to concerns about asbestos and the estimated $5 million cost of repairs after 40 years of exposure to salt air. Formerly a stop on the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex tours, in the late 1990s, the control room consoles were removed, refurbished, and relocated to a re-creation of the room in the Debus Center at the KSC Visitor Complex.</p><br>
<h2>Houston (1965–present)</h2><br>
<h3>Gemini and Apollo (1965-1975)</h3><br>
<p>Located in Building 30 at the Johnson Space Center (known as the Manned Spacecraft Center until 1973), the Houston MCC was first used in June 1965 for Gemini 4. It housed two primary rooms known as Mission Operation Control Rooms (MOCR, pronounced "moh-ker").</p><br>
<p>These two rooms controlled all Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, and Space Shuttle flights up to 1998. Each consisted of a four-tier auditorium, dominated by a large map screen, which, with the exception of Apollo lunar flights, had a Mercator projection of the Earth, with locations of tracking stations, and a three-orbit "sine wave" track of the spacecraft in flight. Each MOCR tier was specialized, staffed by various controllers responsible for a specific spacecraft system.</p><br>
<p>MOCR 1, housed on the second floor of Building 30, was used for Apollo 7, the Skylab and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project missions. MOCR 2 was used for all other Gemini and Apollo flights (except Gemini 3) and was located on the third floor. As the flight control room for Apollo 11, the first manned moon landing, MOCR 2 was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. It was last used in 1992 as the flight control room for STS-53 and was subsequently converted back almost entirely to its Apollo-era configuration and preserved for historical purposes. Together with several support wings, it is now listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the "Apollo Mission Control Center".</p><br>
<h3>Space Shuttle (1981–2011)</h3><br>
<p>In 1992, JSC began building an extension to Building 30. The new five-story section (30 South) went operational in 1998 and houses two flight control rooms, designated White, and Blue. The White FCR was used in tandem with FCR 2 for seven shuttle missions, STS-70 through STS-76, and handled all following shuttle flights through the end of the program. When not in use for the shuttle program, the White FCR was reconfigured as a backup for the ISS FCR from time to time as needed (such as during periods of construction or upgrades in the ISS FCR).</p><br>
<h3>International Space Station (1998–present)</h3><br>
<p>The newer section of Building 30 also houses the International Space Station Flight Control Room. The first ISS control room, originally named the Special Vehicles Operations Room (SVO), then the Blue FCR, was operational around the clock to support the ISS until the fall of 2006.</p><br>
<p>FCR 1, meanwhile, had its original consoles and tiered decking removed after STS-71, and was first converted to a "Life Sciences Center" for ISS payload control operations. After substantial remodelling, mainly with new technologies not available in 1998, ISS flight control moved into the totally revamped FCR 1 in October 2006, due to the growth of the ISS and the international cooperation required among national control centers around the world.</p><br>
<h3>Other facilities</h3><br>
<p>Other MCC facilities include the Training Flight Control Room, sometimes referred to as the Red FCR, a training area for flight controllers; a Life Sciences Control Room used to oversee various experiments; the Simulation Control Area (SCA), primarily used during shuttle astronaut and flight control training; and an Exploration Planning Operations Center, used to test new concepts for operations beyond low-Earth orbit. Additionally, there are multi-purpose support rooms (MPSRs) which are staffed by backup flight controllers, who analyze data and run simulations as well as provide information and advice for the flight controllers.</p><br>
<p>Building 30 was named for Kraft on April 14, 2011.</p><br>
<h3>MCC-21</h3><br>
<p>From 2012 to 2014, the rooms used during the Shuttle program underwent upgrades in preparation for future human space flight activities. The White FCR, the SCA, and the White FCR MPSRs all had their consoles removed and replaced with modern hardware to support the new operational concept of commercial companies having a presence in Mission Control. This project is known as Mission Control Center for the 21st Century, or MCC-21. The White FCR was officially completed and unveiled in April 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Console positions</h2><br>
<h3>Mercury Control Center (1960-1963)</h3><br>
<p>During the early years at Cape Canaveral, the original MCC consisted only of three rows, as the Mercury capsule was simple in design and construction, with missions lasting no more than 35 hours. in 1963</p><br>
<p>The first row consisted of several controllers, the Booster Systems Engineer (BOOSTER), Flight Surgeon (SURGEON), capsule communicator (CAPCOM), Retrofire Officer (RETRO), Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO), and Guidance Office (GUIDO).</p><br>
<p>The BOOSTER controller, depending upon the type of rocket being used, was either an engineer from the Marshall Space Flight Center (for Mercury-Redstone flights) or an Air Force engineer (for Mercury-Atlas and later Gemini-Titan flights) assigned for that mission. The BOOSTER controller&#39;s job would last no more than six hours total and he would vacate his console after the booster was jettisoned.</p><br>
<p>The SURGEON controller, consisting of a flight surgeon (either a military or civilian doctor), monitored the astronaut&#39;s vital signs during the flight, and if a medical need arose, could recommend treatment. They could also talk directly to the astronaut crew if there was a medical need that the astronauts needed to discuss.</p><br>
<p>The CAPCOM controller, filled by an astronaut, maintained nominal air-to-ground communications between the MCC and the orbiting spacecraft; the exception being the SURGEON or Flight Director, and only in an emergency.</p><br>
<p>The RETRO, FIDO, and GUIDO controllers monitored spacecraft trajectory and handled course changes.</p><br>
<p>The second row also consisted of several controllers, the ENVIRONMENTAL, PROCEDURES, FLIGHT, SYSTEMS, and NETWORK. The ENVIRONMENTAL controller, later called EECOM, oversaw the consumption of spacecraft oxygen and monitored pressurization, while the SYSTEMS controller, later called EGIL, monitored all other spacecraft systems, including electrical consumption. The PROCEDURES controller, first held by Gene Kranz, handled the writing of all mission milestones, "GO/NO GO" decisions, and synchronized the MCC with the launch countdowns and the Eastern Test Range. The PROCEDURES controller also handled communications, via teletype, between the MCC and the worldwide network of tracking stations and ships.</p><br>
<p>The flight director, known as FLIGHT, was ultimate supervisor of the Mission Control Center, and gave the final orbit entrance/exit, and, in emergencies, mission abort decisions. During Mercury missions, this position was held by Christopher Kraft, with John Hodge, an Englishman who came to NASA after the cancellation of the Canadian Avro Arrow project, joining the flight director ranks for the 22-orbit Mercury 9, requiring Kraft to divide Mission Control into two shifts. The flight director&#39;s console was also the only position in the Cape MCC to have a television monitor, allowing him to see the rocket lift off from the pad. The NETWORK controller, an Air Force officer, served as the "switchboard" between the MCC, the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland (as on-site real-time computing did not exist), and the worldwide tracking station and ship network.</p><br>
<p>The back row, consisting primarily of NASA and Department of Defense (DOD) management, was the location of the operations director (held by Walt Williams), a general or flag officer who could coordinate with the DOD on all search-and-rescue missions, and the PAO ("Shorty" Powers during Mercury), who provided minute-by-minute mission commentary for the news media and public.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the controllers in the Cape MCC, each of the manned tracking stations and the Rose Knot Victor and Coastal Sentry Quebec tracking ships, had three controllers, a CAPCOM, SURGEON, and an engineer. Unlike the Cape CAPCOM, which was always staffed by an astronaut, the tracking station/tracking ship CAPCOMs were either a NASA engineer, or an astronaut, with the latter located at stations deemed "critical" by the flight director and operations director.</p><br>
<h3>MOCR (1965-1998)</h3><br>
<p>The second row, after Project Gemini, consisted of the SURGEON, EECOM, and CAPCOM. The EECOM, which replaced the ENVIRONMENTAL controller and some of the SYSTEMS controllers functions, monitored the spacecrafts electrical and environmental systems. Like the CAPCOMs during Mercury, all CAPCOMs in the Houston MCC were astronauts. crisis</p><br>
<p>On the other side of the aisle of the second row were controllers who monitored specific parts of Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, ASTP and Space Shuttle missions. During the Gemini program, the two Agena controllers monitored the Agena upper stage used as a docking target from Gemini 8 through Gemini 12. For the Apollo lunar flights, the TELMU and CONTROL controllers monitored the Lunar Module. During Skylab, the EGIL (pronounced "eagle") monitored Skylabs solar panels, while the EXPERIMENTS controller monitored experiments and the telescopes in the Apollo Telescope Mount. The PAYLOAD and EXPERIMENTS controllers monitored Space Shuttle operations. Another controller, the INCO, monitored the spacecrafts communications and instrumentation.</p><br>
<p>The third row consisted of the PAO, PROCEDURES, and the FAO (flight activities officer), who coordinated with the flight schedule. The AFD (assistant flight director) and the flight director were also located on the third row.</p><br>
<p>The fourth row, like the old Cape MCC&#39;s third row, was reserved for NASA management, including the director of the Johnson Space Center, the director of flight operations, the director of flight crew operations (chief astronaut), and the Department of Defense officer.</p><br>
<p>In July 2010, air to ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronized and released for the first time.</p><br>
<h3>Blue FCR (1998–2006)</h3><br>
<p>The Blue FCR, used primarily for ISS operations from 1998 to 2006, was arranged in five rows of three consoles, plus one in the rear right corner. From left to right, as viewed from the rear of the room, the front row consisted of ADCO, THOR, and PHALCON.</p><br>
<p>The second row consisted of OSO, ECLSS pronounced "eekliss", and ROBO.</p><br>
<p>The third row consisted of ODIN, depending on phase of flight, either ACO (shuttle docked) or the CIO (Free-flight Operations) and OpsPlan.</p><br>
<p>The fourth row consisted of CATO, FLIGHT—the flight director, and CAPCOM.</p><br>
<p>The fifth last row consisted of GC, depending on the phase of flight; either RIO, EVA, VVO, or FDO (reboosts only), and SURGEON.</p><br>
<p>In the back, right corner, behind the surgeon, the PAO (Public Affairs Officer) was occasionally present.</p><br>
<h3>White FCR (1998–2011)</h3><br>
<p>The White FCR, which was used for Space Shuttle operations, was arranged in five rows. From left to right, as viewed from the rear of the room):</p><br>
<p>The front row (the "Trench") had FDO (pronounced "fido"), responsible for orbital guidance and orbital changes, depending on the phase of flight; either Guidance, a specialist in the procedures of those two high-energy, fast-paced phases of flight or rendezvous, a specialist in orbital rendezvous procedures; and GC, the controller responsible for the computers and systems in MCC itself.</p><br>
<p>The second row had PROP, responsible for the propulsion system; GNC, responsible for systems that determine the spacecraft&#39;s attitude and issue commands to control it; MMACS (pronounced "max"), responsible for the mechanical systems on the space craft, such as the payload bay doors and landing gear; and EGIL (pronounced "eagle"), responsible for the fuel cells, electrical distribution and O2 & H2 supplies.</p><br>
<p>The third row had DPS, responsible for the computer systems; ACO or Payloads, responsible for all payload-related activities (depending on whether the shuttle flight supported an ISS assembly flight or not; FAO, responsible for the overall plans of activities for the entire flight; and EECOM responsible for the management of environmental systems.</p><br>
<p>The fourth row had INCO, responsible for communications systems for uploading all systems commands to the vehicle; FLIGHT—the Flight Director, the person in charge of the flight; CAPCOM, an astronaut who is normally the only controller to talk to the astronauts on board; and PDRS, responsible for robot arm operations.</p><br>
<p>The back row had PAO (Public Affairs Officer), the "voice" of MCC; MOD, a management representative, depending on the phase of flight; either RIO for MIR flights, a Russian-speaker who spoke with the Russian MCC, known as Цуп, (Tsup); BOOSTER responsible for the SRBs and the SSMEs during ascent, or EVA responsible for space suit systems and EVA tasks; and finally, SURGEON.</p><br>
<h3>FCR 1 (2006-present)</h3><br>
<p>During early ISS operations, a scheme known as Gemini was used, which reduced staffing for real-time ISS support by consolidating six system disciplines into two positions. From these two "super-consoles", named Atlas and Titan, two people can do the work of up to eight other flight controllers during low-activity periods. One position, call sign TITAN (Telemetry, Information Transfer, and Attitude Navigation), was responsible for Communication & Tracking (CATO), Command & Data Handling (ODIN), and Motion Control Systems (ADCO). The other position, call sign ATLAS (Atmosphere, Thermal, Lighting and Articulation Specialist), was responsible for Thermal Control (THOR), Environmental Control & Life Support (ECLSS), and Electrical Power Systems (PHALCON). ATLAS was also responsible for monitoring Robotics (ROBO) and Mechanical Systems (OSO) heaters, as those consoles were not supported during the majority of Gemini shifts. While Gemini officially reflected the fact that two controllers act as "twins" during operations, the name was also an homage to the first missions (Project Gemini) controlled from that room. In addition, Titan was the type of booster rocket which launched the Gemini spacecraft and Atlas boosters launched Gemini-era Agena target vehicles (and several missions in Project Mercury).</p><br>
<p>In 2010 after ISS assembly complete, the Gemini concept was removed and the six core disciplines were reduced to four. Those console positions are ETHOS (Environmental and Thermal Operating Systems) which consists of the ECLSS system as well as the internal thermal control system formerly held by THOR; SPARTAN (Station Power, ARticulation, Thermal, and ANalysis) which consists of the electrical power and external thermal control systems; CRONUS (Communications RF Onboard Networks Utilization Specialist), a combination of the previous ODIN and CATO positions; and ADCO (Motion Control Systems).</p><br>
<p>The East Pyramids comprise a group of three steep, rocky unpopulated islets located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 2 km south of where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 6.69 hectare islets are one of the eight islands that comprise the Mutton Bird Islands Group. The East Pyramids are part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The islets are part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. What vegetation there is on these rocks is dominated by Poa, pig face and ferns. Recorded breeding seabird species are the fairy prion (100 pairs), Pacific gull, silver gull and black-faced cormorant.</p><br>
<p>The Sugarloaf Rock is a steep, rocky unpopulated islet located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 2 km south of where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 3.56 hectare islet is one of the eight islands that comprise the Mutton Bird Islands Group. The Sugarloaf Rock is part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the short-tailed shearwater (15,000 pairs), fairy prion (2000 pairs), silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. It is a haul-out site for Australian fur seals.</p><br>
<p>Wendar Island comprises a main unpopulated island and five immediately adjacent islets located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 2 km south of where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 5.8 hectare island and islets are one of the eight islands that comprise the Mutton Bird Islands Group. The Mutton Bird Island is part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird species are the little penguin (500 pairs), short-tailed shearwater (3-4000 pairs), fairy prion (1500 pairs) and silver gull.</p><br>
<p>Swainson Island is an unpopulated island with an adjacent islet, located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated near where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 4.14 hectare island is part of the Swainson Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (100 pairs), short-tailed shearwater (38,000 pairs), fairy prion (3000 pairs), Pacific gull and sooty oystercatcher. The Tasmanian tree skink is present.</p><br>
<p>San Lucas Island  is an island located off the Pacific shore of Costa Rica in the Gulf of Nicoya.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the 11th district of Puntarenas Canton of the province of Puntarenas.</p><br>
<p>Formerly serving as an island prison, it is now a National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>San Lucas Island located in the Gulf of Nicoya off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, about 40 minutes in boat from Puntarenas. The island has an area of approximately 4.6 km&sup2</p><br>
<h2>Indigenous culture</h2><br>
<p>Indigenous groups lived on San Lucas and the surrounding islands. There are eight known archeological sites on the island, including apparent houses where stone tools and a metal object were found in the late 1970s. The excavation sites date to between 1,000 and 1,500 AD.</p><br>
<h2>Prison</h2><br>
<p>From 1873 to 1991, San Lucas Island was a penal island for some of the worst criminals in Costa Rica. It is often erroneously cited as the largest prison in Costa Rican history. It was founded by the dictator Tomás Miguel Guardia Gutiérrez. Being sent to San Lucas Island was a terrible prospect as prisoners lives were short and often spent in torture. Ironically, Guardia abolished the death penalty a year after establishing the prison.</p><br>
<p>The former buildings of the penal island are considered "Patrimonio de Cultura," or cultural heritage sites. The buildings include a historic dock that is still in use after the first dock was destroyed, a church, a medical building, temporary holding cells, a three story main office, a large concrete disc used to hold a water tank, and water pumps. In addition, there are prison cells of varying security levels depending on the prisoners&#39; crimes. The prison cells contain the typical graffiti of older Latin American prisons, such as religious phrases, pornographic images, signatures, and drawings. There are also several water pumps and a cemetery under excavation on the island.</p><br>
<p>José León Sánchez, a prisoner of the island, wrote "La Isla de Hombres Solos," translated into English as "The Island of Lonely Men," based on his time in the prison at San Lucas Island. León claimed that he was unjustly imprisoned for a robbery that he did not commit. Other prisoners included Beltrán Cortés Carvajal, the famous killer of the doctors Carlos Manuel Echandi Lahmann and Ricardo Moreno Cañas.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>In 2008, Costa Rica declared the island part of the national wildlife preserve, a ceremony which featured a speech by former prisoner León.</p><br>
<p>The island includes a wide variety of wildlife, such as howler monkeys, spiders, snakes, deer, and pheasants. There are also at least 8 species of bats on the island. The waters surrounding the island are home to hammerhead sharks, rays, and turtles.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Instituto Costarricense de Turismo began planning to invest money into tourism on the island by developing commercial spaces for restaurants, beaches, and tour operators. The volunteer organization Raleigh International occasionally sends young volunteers to help rangers clear beaches to make the island more attractive for tourism.</p><br>
<p>Now it is a full-fledged tourist destination, with several companies offering charters to the island. There is great concern that the tourist activities are destroying pre-Columbian sites and the prison&#39;s archeological significance, as well as the wildlife habitats of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Volunteer work</h2><br>
<p>The Island benefits from the charity Raleigh International, who work with the rangers on the Island to improve the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>Hell Cave  is a karst cave in the settlement of Zalog pri Šempetru in Slovenia.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Across Slovenia there are many oronyms, regional names, and microptoponyms named Pekel hell. In folk geography, the name was used to metaphorically designate chasms, caves, shafts, and other narrow, dark places; for example, in Kropa there is an oeconym Pekel originally referring to a blacksmiths shop. Semantically related names in Slovenia include Devils Hole (Vragova luknja) in the settlement of Okrog and Devils Ravine (Hudičev graben) in the settlement of Parož. The caves dark, black entrance inspired the idea that the Devil lived inside. Other stories of the name&#39;s origin say that one of the rocks near the entrance was thought to look like the Devil or that warm water vapor drifting from the cave in the winter had an eerie effect. See also Pekel, Maribor and Pekel, Trebnje.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cave is 1,159 abbr=on long and has two levels. Peklenščica Creek runs through the caverns of the lower part of the cave and comes bursting out of a siphon as the highest-elevation accessible subterranean waterfall in Slovenia. The upper part of the cave is dry, but full of cave formations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cave is more than 3 million years old. Finds of Neanderthal bones in the cave prove that the cave was used as a shelter by these early inhabitants of Europe. Wooden footbridges were set up in the cave in 1860, making it accessible to visitors. The cave became better known between 1860 and 1870, when it was explored by Anton Franz Reibenschuh, a professor from Graz. It was also explored at the end of the 19th century by Ivan Kač, a municipal secretary in Žalec. The speleologist Anton Suwa died in the cave in 1969. In 1972 the cave was opened to the public and it was visited by 25,000 people the following year. It has been managed by the local tourist association since 1972.</p><br>
<p>Sara Delano Roosevelt Memorial House is a building that was built in 1908 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The Neo-Georgian townhouse was designed by Charles A. Platt for Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt in 1907. It originally held "two mirror-image residences with a single facade and entrance. Each first floor had its own front reception room with a welcoming fireplace. Rear parlors could be combined through sliding doors." The house was given to the Roosevelts by Franklin&#39;s mother as a wedding gift for them. The house was originally 2 homes and Franklins mother had doors put in place so she could enter their part of the home whenever she wanted.</p><br>
<p>The house was used by Sara Ann Delano Roosevelt from its completion in 1908 to her death in 1941, and intermittently by Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt from construction to their sale of the house to Hunter College in 1943. After his mother&#39;s death in 1941, President Roosevelt and his wife placed the house up for sale and a non-profit consortium was organized to purchase the house on behalf of Hunter College.</p><br>
<p>The house was closed in 1992 and reopened in 2010 after an $18 million renovation. Leslie E. Robertson Associates was the structural engineers on this renovation. The building is currently used by Hunter College as the Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College or, simply, Roosevelt House.</p><br>
<p>Highland Heights–Stevens&#39; Subdivision Historic District is a residential historic district located in Highland Park, Michigan along five east-west streets: Farrand Park, McLean Street, Colorado Street, Rhode Island Street, and Massachusetts Street, between Woodward Avenue on the west and Oakland Avenue on the east. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The structures in the neighborhood are primarily single-family homes built in the early twentieth-century. The area features an unusually high concentration of high quality, middle class housing stock, built over a short period of time, with much of it still well-preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Highland Heights–Stevens Subdivision Historic District is a neighborhood of primarily single-family detached homes. There are 422 single-family homes, two apartment buildings, five commercial buildings, and the McGregor Library located within the district. Of these, 392 single-family houses, both two apartment buildings, and the library are classified as contributing to the districts historic character.</p><br>
<p>The houses are fine representation of the variety of American residential architecture in the years 1900-1930. Styles represented include foursquares, bungalows, and various revival styles. There are also 393 garages in the district, located along back alleys. Of these, 373 appear to have been constructed in the years of the area&#39;s initial development, and their presence and construction reflects the upwardly mobile, middle-class character of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Black Hills  are a small and isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States. Black Elk Peak , which rises to 7,244 ft, is the range&#39;s highest summit. The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest. The name "Black Hills" is a translation of the Lakota Pahá Sápa. The hills were so-called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they were covered in trees.</p><br>
<p>Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota took over the territory of the Black Hills, which became central to their culture. In 1868, the USA government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, establishing the Great Sioux Reservation west of the Missouri River, and exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. However, when settlers discovered gold there in 1874, as a result of George Armstrong Custer&#39;s Black Hills Expedition, miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government took back the Black Hills and in 1889 reassigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to five smaller reservations in western South Dakota, selling off 9 million acres of their former land. Unlike most of South Dakota, the Black Hills were settled by European Americans primarily from population centers to the west and south of the region, as miners flocked there from earlier gold boom locations in Colorado and Montana.</p><br>
<p>As the economy of the Black Hills has shifted from natural resources (mining and timber) since the late 20th century, the hospitality and tourism industries have grown to take its place. Locals tend to divide the Black Hills into two areas: "The Southern Hills" and "The Northern Hills". The Southern Hills is home to Mount Rushmore, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Black Elk Peak (the highest point in the United States east of the Rockies, formerly known as Harney Peak), Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota), the Crazy Horse Memorial (the largest sculpture in the world), and the Mammoth Site in Hot Springs, the world’s largest mammoth research facility.</p><br>
<p>Attractions in the Northern Hills include Spearfish Canyon, historic Deadwood, and the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, held each August. The first Rally was held on August 14, 1938 and the 75th Rally in 2015 saw more than 1 million bikers visit the Black Hills. Devils Tower National Monument, located in the Wyoming Black Hills, is an important nearby attraction and was the United States&#39; first national monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although written history of the region begins with the Sioux domination of the land over the native Arikara tribes, researchers have carbon-dating and stratigraphic records to analyze the early history of the area. Scientists have been able to utilize carbon-dating to evaluate the age of tools found in the area, which indicate a human presence that dates as far back as 11,500 BC with the Clovis culture. Stratigraphic records indicate environmental changes in the land, such as flood and drought patterns. For example, large-scale flooding of the Black Hill basins occurs at a probability rate of 0.01, making such floods occur once in every 100 years. However, during The Medieval Climate Anomaly, or the Medieval Warm Period, flooding increased in the basins. A stratigraphic record of the area shows that during this 400-year period, thirteen 100-year floods occurred in four of the region&#39;s basins, while the same four basins from the previous 800 years only experienced nine floods.</p><br>
<p>The Arikara arrived by AD 1500, followed by the Cheyenne, Crow, Kiowa and Pawnee.</p><br>
<p>The Lakota (also known as Sioux) arrived from Minnesota in the 18th century and drove out the other tribes, who moved west. They claimed the land, which they called Ȟe Sápa (Black Mountains). The mountains commonly became known as the Black Hills.</p><br>
<p>François and Louis de La Vérendrye probably travelled near the Black Hills in 1743. Fur trappers and traders had some dealings with the Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>European Americans increasingly encroached on Lakota territory. After defeating the Lakota Sioux, the United States government made peace under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, establishing the Great Sioux Reservation west of the Missouri River and acknowledging their control of the Teton range. In this treaty, they protected the Black Hills "forever" from European-American settlement. Both the Sioux and Cheyenne also claimed rights to the land, saying that in their cultures, it was considered the axis mundi, or sacred center of the world.</p><br>
<p>Although rumors of gold in the Black Hills had circulated for decades (see Thoen Stone and Pierre-Jean De Smet), it was not until 1874 that Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer of the 7th US Cavalry led an expedition there and discovered gold in French Creek. An official announcement of gold was made by the newspaper reporters accompanying the expedition. The following year, the Newton-Jenney Party conducted the first detailed survey of the Black Hills. The surveyor for the party, Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy, was the first European American to ascend to the top of Black Elk Peak. This highest point in the Black Hills is 7,242 feet above sea level.</p><br>
<p>During the 1875–1878 gold rush, thousands of miners went to the Black Hills; in 1880, the area was the most densely populated part of the Dakota Territory. Three large towns developed in the Northern Hills: Deadwood, Central City, and Lead. Around these were groups of smaller gold camps, towns, and villages. Hill City and Custer City sprang up in the Southern Hills. Railroads were quickly constructed to the previously remote area. From 1880 on, the gold mines yielded about $4,000,000 annually, and the silver mines about $3,000,000 annually.</p><br>
<h3>Takeover of the Black Hills</h3><br>
<p>The conflict over control of the region sparked the Black Hills War (1876), also known as the Great Sioux War, the last major Indian War on the Great Plains. Following the defeat of the Lakota and their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies in 1876, the United States took control of the Black Hills and another strip of land, in violation of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. The Lakota never accepted the validity of the US appropriation in 1877. They have continued to try to reclaim the property and filed a suit against the federal government.</p><br>
<h3>Breakup of Great Sioux Reservation</h3><br>
<p>In 1889, the United States dismantled the Great Sioux Reservation, forcing the peoples on to five smaller reservations west of the Missouri River. It made available 9 million acres throughout this area for purchase for ranching or homesteading, in the same year that North Dakota and South Dakota were admitted to the Union. Many of the early farms established by homesteaders in the 20th century failed, as they were too small for farming in the arid regions. People made many mistakes and plowed the grasses holding the earth on the plains, causing the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.</p><br>
<h3>20th century land claims</h3><br>
<p>On July 23, 1980, in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Black Hills were illegally taken by the federal government and ordered remuneration of the initial offering price plus interest, nearly $106 million. The Lakota refused the settlement, as they wanted the Black Hills returned to them. The money remains in an interest-bearing account, which, as of 2015, amounts to over $1.2 billion, but the Lakota still refuse to take the money. They believe that accepting the settlement would allow the US government to justify taking ownership of the Black Hills.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, United Nations Special Rapporteur James Anaya conducted a 12-day tour of Native Americans&#39; land to determine how the USA is carrying out the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, endorsed in 2010 by the Obama administration. Anaya met with tribes in seven states on reservations and in urban areas as well as with members of the Obama administration and the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. Anaya tentatively recommended the return of lands to some tribes, including the Black Hills to the Lakota Sioux. His full official report with recommendations was due in September 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The geology of the Black Hills is complex. A Tertiary mountain-building episode is responsible for the uplift and current topography of the Black Hills region. This uplift was marked by volcanic activity in the northern Black Hills. The southern Black Hills are characterized by Precambrian granite, pegmatite, and metamorphic rocks that comprise the core of the entire Black Hills uplift. This core is rimmed by Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. The stratigraphy of the Black Hills is laid out like a target, as it is an oval dome, with rings of different rock types dipping away from the center.</p><br>
<h3>Precambrian</h3><br>
<p>The bulls eye of this target is called the granite core. The granite of the Black Hills was emplaced by magma generated during the Trans-Hudson orogeny and contains abundant pegmatite. The core of the Black Hills has been dated to 1.8 billion years. There are other localized deposits that have been dated to around 2.2 to 2.8 billion years. One of these is located in the northern hills. It is called French Creek Granite although it has been metamorphosed into gneiss. The other is called the Bear Mountain complex, and it is located in the west central part of the hills.</p><br>
<p>"Making a concentric ring around the core is the metamorphic zone. The rocks in this ring are all very old, as much as 2 billion years and older. This zone is very complex, filled with many diverse rock types. The rocks were originally sedimentary, until there was a collision between the North American continent and a terrane. This collision, called the Trans-Hudson Orogeny, caused the original rocks to fold and twist into a vast mountain range. Over the millions of years, these tilted rocks, which in many areas are tilted to 90 degrees or more, eroded. Today we see the evidence of this erosion in the Black Hills, where the metamorphic rocks end in an angular unconformity below the younger sedimentary layers.</p><br>
<h3>Paleozoic</h3><br>
<p>The final layers of the Black Hills consist of sedimentary rocks. The oldest lie on top of the metamorphic layers at a much shallower angle. This rock called the Deadwood Formation is mostly sandstone and was the original source of gold found in the Deadwood area. Above the Deadwood Formation lies the Englewood Formation and Pahasapa limestone, which is the source of the more than 200 caves found in the Black Hills, including Jewel Cave and Wind Cave. The Minnelusa Formation is next and is composed of highly variable sandstones and limestones followed by the Opeche shale and the Minnekahta limestone.</p><br>
<h3>Mesozoic</h3><br>
<p>The next rock layer, the Spearfish Formation, forms a valley around the hills called the Red Valley and is often referred to as the Race Track. It is mostly red shale with beds of gypsum, and circles much of the Black Hills. These shale and gypsum beds as well as the nearby limestone beds of the Minnekahta are used in the manufacture of cement at a cement plant in Rapid City. Next is the shale and sandstone Sundance Formation, which is topped by the Morrison Formation and the Unkpapa sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The outermost feature of the dome stands out as a hogback ridge. The ridge is made out of the Lakota Formation and the Fallriver sandstone, which are collectively called the Inyan Kara Group. Above this, the layers of rocks are less distinct and are all mainly grey shale with three exceptions: the Newcastle sandstone; the Greenhorn limestone, which contains many shark teeth fossils; and the Niobrara Formation, which is composed mainly of chalk. These outer ridges are called cuestas.</p><br>
<h3>Cenozoic</h3><br>
<p>The preceding layers were deposited in a horizontal manner. All of them can be seen in core samples and well logs from the flattest parts of the Great Plains. It took a period of uplift to bring them to their present topographical levels in the Black Hills. This uplift, called the Laramide orogeny, began around the beginning of the Cenozoic and left a line of igneous rocks through the northern hills superimposed on the rocks already discussed. This line extends from Bear Butte in the east to Devils Tower in the west. Evidence of Cenozoic volcanic eruptions, if this happened, has long since been eroded away.</p><br>
<p>The Black Hills also have a skirt of gravel covering them in areas, which are called pediments. Formed as the waterways cut down into the uplifting hills, they represent the former locations of today&#39;s rivers. These beds are generally around 10,000 years old or younger, judging by the artifacts and fossils found. A few places, mainly in the high elevations, are older, as old as 20 million years, according to camel and rodent fossils found. Some gravels have been found but for the most part, these older beds have been eroded away.</p><br>
<h2>Biosystems</h2><br>
<p>As with the geology, the biology of the Black Hills is complex. Most of the Hills are a fire-climax ponderosa pine forest, with Black Hills spruce (Picea glauca var. densata) occurring in cool moist valleys of the Northern Hills. Oddly, this endemic variety of spruce does not occur in the moist Bear Lodge Mountains, which make up most of the Wyoming portion of the Black Hills. Large open parks (mountain meadows) with lush grassland rather than forest are scattered through the Hills (especially the western portion), and the southern edge of the Hills, due to the rainshadow of the higher elevations, are covered by a dry pine savannah, with stands of mountain mahogany and Rocky Mountain juniper.</p><br>
<p>Wildlife is both diverse and plentiful. Black Hills creeks are known for their trout, while the forests and grasslands offer good habitat for American bison, white-tailed and mule deer, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, mountain lions, and a variety of smaller animals, like prairie dogs, American martens, American red squirrels, Northern flying squirrels, yellow-bellied marmots, and fox squirrels. Biologically, the Black Hills is a meeting and mixing place, with species common to regions to the east, west, north, and south. The Hills do, however, support some endemic taxa, the most famous of which is probably white-winged junco (Junco hyemalis aikeni). Some other endemics are Cooper&#39;s Rocky Mountain snail, Black Hills subspecies of red-bellied snake, and a Black Hills subspecies of southern red-backed vole. Some birds that are only in the Black Hills and not the rest of South Dakota are pinyon jay, gray jay, three-toed woodpecker, black-backed woodpecker, American dipper, ruffed grouse, and others.</p><br>
<h2>Regions of the Black Hills</h2><br>
<p>The northern Black Hills approximate Lawrence and Meade Counties and are roughly equivalent to the Northern Hills District of the Black Hills National Forest. The central Black Hills (the Mystic District of the Black Hills National Forest) are located in Pennington County west of Rapid City. The southern Black Hills are in Custer County and are administered in the national forests Hell Canyon District. Finally, Wyomings Black Hills follow the Bearlodge District, approximately Weston and Crook Counties.</p><br>
<p>Geologically separate from the Black Hills are the Elk Mountains, a small range forming the southwest portion of the region.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and economy</h2><br>
<p>The region is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Black Elk Peak, Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota, and one of the largest in the US), Bear Butte State Park, Devils Tower National Monument, and the Crazy Horse Memorial. The Black Hills also hosts the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally each August. The rally was started in 1940 and the 65th Rally in 2005 saw more than 550,000 bikers visit the Black Hills. It is a key part of the regional economy.</p><br>
<p>The George S. Mickelson Trail is a recently opened multi-use path through the Black Hills that follows the abandoned track of the historic railroad route from Edgemont to Deadwood. The train used to be the only way to bring supplies to the miners in the Hills. The trail is about 110 miles in length, and can be used by hikers, cross-country skiers, and cyclists. The cost is two dollars per day, or ten dollars annually.</p><br>
<p>Today, the major city in the Black Hills is Rapid City, with an incorporated population of almost 70,000 and a metropolitan population of 125,000. It serves a market area covering much of five states: North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. In addition to tourism and mining (including coal, specialty minerals, and the now declining gold mining), the Black Hills economy includes ranching (sheep and cattle, primarily, with bison and ratites becoming more common), timber (lumber), Ellsworth Air Force Base, and some manufacturing, including Black Hills gold jewelry, cement, electronics, cabinetry, guns and ammunition.</p><br>
<p>In many ways, the Black Hills functions as a very spread-out urban area with a population (not counting tourists) of 250,000. Other important Black Hills cities and towns include:</p><br>
<p>Belle Fourche, a ranching town</p><br>
<p>Custer, a mining and tourism town and headquarters for Black Hills National Forest</p><br>
<p>Deadwood, a historic and well-preserved gambling mecca</p><br>
<p>Hill City, a timber and tourism town in the center of the Hills, where the Black Hills Central Railroad operates historic steam trains over the former CB&Q line to Keystone</p><br>
<p>Hot Springs, an old resort town in the southern Hills</p><br>
<p>Keystone, a tourism town just outside Mount Rushmore</p><br>
<p>Lead, home of the now-closed Homestake Mine (gold) and the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory</p><br>
<p>Newcastle, center of the Black Hills petroleum production and refining</p><br>
<p>Spearfish, home of Black Hills State University</p><br>
<p>Sturgis, originally a military town (Fort Meade, now a VA center, is located just to the east). Now famous for one of the largest motorcycle rallies in the world.</p><br>
<p>The Catoctin Valley is a small valley, geographically and culturally associated with the larger Loudoun Valley in Loudoun County, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Catoctin Valley encompasses the northern part of the Loudoun Valley east of the Short Hill Mountain and west of Catoctin Mountain. Its northern border is the Potomac River, while its southern border is an intangible line running from the southern terminus of the Short Hill to the base of Catoctin Mountain, located approximately two miles north of Virginia State Route 7. Across the Potomac in Maryland, the valley continues on as the Middletown Valley, which historically has also been known as the Catoctin Valley.</p><br>
<p>The valley contains the communities of Waterford, Lovettsville, Wheatland, Morrisonville and Taylorstown.</p><br>
<p>The valley is approximately 7 mi wide east to west and 11 mi long north to south.</p><br>
<p>The valley is drained by the Catoctin Creek and its tributaries.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Virginia State Route 287, the Berlin Turnpike, is the major road through the valley, running north-south from the Potomac River to Virginia State Route 7. Virginia State Route 9 runs east-west across the very southern portion of the valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The valley was settled in the 1730s by German and Quaker immigrants who migrated south from southern Pennsylvania. They established small self-sufficient farms centered on small mill villages. They brought with them and employed few if any slaves. This region of Loudoun stood in stark contrast to the southern Loudoun Valley and areas east of the Catoctin Mountain, where plantation-style farming was established by English settlers moving north out of Tidewater Virginia. During the American Civil War, due to the peoples reluctance to use slaves and their strong economic ties to Maryland, this area of Loudoun was strongly Unionist in sentiment. As a result, early in the war, fierce partisan fighting broke out between the areas Unionist soldiers, the Loudoun Rangers and the county&#39;s pro-Confederate soldiers, at The Fight at Waterford.</p><br>
<p>The Medbury&#39;s–Grove Lawn Subdivisions Historic District is a residential historic district located in Highland Park, Michigan. It runs along three east-west streets: Eason Street, Moss Street, and Putitan Street, from Hamilton Avenue on the west to Woodward Avenue on the east. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Medburys–Grove Lawn Subdivisions Historic District is a residential neighborhood of single-family, detached homes. There are 272 homes located within the district, with 251 of them classified as contributing to the districts historic character.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was built up primarily in the 1910s and 1920s, and features a variety of architectural styles that were popular at the time. Bungalows and bungalow-style houses with Craftsman or colonial details predominate, and, in fact, the neighborhood is significant for containing Michigan&#39;s most outstanding collection of single-family bungalows and bungalow-style homes. However, foursquare, colonial revival, and English cottage homes are also present within the neighborhood. The homes in the district are notable for their variety and the level of craftsmanship and detailing, and are excellent examples of the variety found in American suburban domestic architecture of the period 1900-1930.</p><br>
<p>The district also contains 272 garages and sheds, located along alleys behind the homes. Of these, 250 appear to date from the neighborhood&#39;s original development, and reflect the upwardly-mobile, middle-class character of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Horsehead Crossing is a ford on the Pecos River in Crane County, southeast of Odessa, Texas. Historically, it was a major landmark on the trail west as one of a few fordable sections of the Pecos in West Texas, and as the first reliable source of water for about 75 miles on the route from the east.</p><br>
<p>The location as marked by a state historical marker is 31°14 N, 102°29 W, though debate exists as to possible alternate locations in that area. USA Geological Survey locates it at 31&deg;14&prime;08&Prime;N latitude, 102&deg;29&prime;02&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Horsehead Crossing was the primary crossing on the Pecos for the Comanche Trail from the Llano Estacado south to Mexico. It was probably a prehistoric crossing by earlier Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>The ford was mapped in 1849 by Randolph B. Marcy, commander of an army escort for parties on their way to California on the San Antonio-El Paso Road. In 1858, the crossing became an important stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail route from St. Louis to San Francisco. In 1866, Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving blazed their famous cattle trail, which came to this point and turned upriver.</p><br>
<p>Decline of cattle drives and completion of two railroads across west Texas in the early 1880s led to the abandonment of the crossing.</p><br>
<p>Source of the name "Horsehead" has been attributed to horse skulls said to have marked the banks. This may have been due to Comanches who marked the crossing for easier identification, or the abundance of animals that died at the crossing from drowning, quicksand, or over-drinking while being driven along the Comanche Trail returning from Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The Alston–Cobb House, now formally known as the Clarke County Historical Museum, is a historic house and local history museum in Grove Hill, Alabama. It was built in 1854 by Dr. Lemuel Lovett Alston as a Greek Revival I-house, a vernacular style also known in the South as Plantation Plain. The Alston–Cobb House was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on September 1, 1978 and to the National Register of Historic Places on April 30, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lemuel Alston migrated to Grove Hill and began the practice of medicine around 1852. The house was completed in 1854, shortly before his marriage to Sarah French Jackson on November 1, 1854. The house was subsequently owned by the Bettis, Cobb, Bumpers, and Postma families until it was purchased by the Clarke County Historical Society in 1980. The historical society restored the house and opened it as the Clarke County Museum in 1986. The museum features exhibits that cover a broad range of topics from Zeuglodon fossils to the American Civil War and an antebellum kitchen.</p><br>
<h2>The grounds</h2><br>
<p>Several historic structures have been moved to the museum grounds and restored. The Creagh Law Office, built in 1834 by Judge John Gates Creagh, was moved to the site in 1990 and restored. The Turner Corn Crib is a corn crib which is thought to have been partially built from timbers salvaged from Fort Turner, a log fortification that served the area during the Creek War in 1813. It was moved to the grounds in 2001 and restored. The Mathews Cabin was acquired in 2005 and restoration was completed in 2008. It is a log cabin with two large rooms separated by a breezeway, a form often known as a dogtrot house, and dates to the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>Staats Mill Covered Bridge, also known as Tug Fork Covered Bridge, is a historic wooden covered bridge near Ripley in Jackson County, West Virginia, United States. Built in 1887, the Staats Mill Covered Bridge originally crossed the Tug Fork of Big Mill Creek and was named for Enoch Staats&#39; water-powered mill.</p><br>
<p>The Staats family were early settlers to the area, arriving around 1780. The bridge was built adjacent to Enoch Staats&#39; mill and store and played an important role in the history and development of Jackson County. Construction of the bridge was handled by the Jackson County Court, which paid a total of $1,788.35 to local craftspeople for completion of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Nearly 100 ft long, the Staats Mill Covered Bridge was constructed using the Long system, patented by Stephen Long in 1830. The distinctive feature of Long trusses are the “X”-braced diagonals in each of the panels. This bridge has 11 such panels, each 8 ft long and 14 ft deep. The bridge is an impressive and historically significant example of a late nineteenth century timber-covered bridge building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the old bridge was moved to the FFA-FHA State Camp at Cedar Lakes, 3 mi from the original site and reconstructed across a pond at a cost of $104,000. It is in excellent condition and open to pedestrian traffic only.</p><br>
<p>Washington Terrace is a residential private place in St. Louis, Missouri, laid out circa 1892. The gate is south of Union and Delmar, within the bounds of the Central West End.</p><br>
<p>A private place is a self-governing enclave whose common areas like streets and common gardens are owned by the residents, with services provided by the private sector, an experiment that foreshadowed the gated community in the USA by 100 years. About 50 of these enclaves once stood within the borders of the city of St. Louis. Most were designed by civil engineer Julius Pitzman between 1868 and 1905. Many of these developments, like Washington Terrace, are well-preserved and still gated, patrolled, and functioning as private enclaves.</p><br>
<p>Pitzman laid out Washington Terrace with 50 lots and an imposing entry gate, a "French Norman Clock Tower" designed by Harvey Ellis and the architect George R. Mann. The styles of the mansions, many of them built in anticipation of the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition and constructed atop substantial pedestals, range from Italian Renaissance, Richardsonian Romanesque and Tudor.</p><br>
<p>Number 25 Washington Terrace, for instance, was the residence of Joseph W. Moon, of St. Louis&#39;s once-successful Moon Motor Car. Number 11 was the home of Julius Adler Baer, of Stix, Baer and Fuller.</p><br>
<p>Boughton Hall is a former country house in Boughton, to the east of the city of Chester, Cheshire, England. It is designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original house on the site is thought to have been built before 1579. This house was destroyed by fire in 1643 during the Civil War. The house was then rebuilt with an E-shaped plan. The area to the left of the entrance porch was filled in about 1800. More alterations were made in the 18th century, a wing was added in the 19th century, and further alterations were made during the 20th century. It has been used as a childrens home, and later as an office for Barnardos. As of 2011 it is the focal point of a retirement village.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Boughton Hall is constructed in brick with stone dressings, and has grey slate roofs. It is in two storeys, with a 19th-century wing to the left. The plan of the main part of the hall is E-shaped, with some infilling, plus an additional wing to the left. Its architectural style is Georgian. Three semicircular steps lead up to the central porch. The windows are sashes. The interior contains a fireplace carrying the date 1655, which is surrounded with tiles depicting biblical scenes.</p><br>
<p>The Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery was used to raise trout and salmon for release into the McKenzie River in western Oregon in the United States. It is located near the unincorporated community of Vida in Lane County. The hatchery is closed, however, the historic site is now a county park. It is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On March 6, 1907, the State of Oregon purchased land along the McKenzie River between Leaburg and Vida for a fish hatchery. The state paid $518.07 for the land. The original hatchery building was built by C.J. Buley. The facility was opened on May 11, 1907. The hatchery superintendents house and other support buildings were also constructed at about the same time. The original hatchery building was replaced in 1928, but the superintendents residence and several other original buildings still exist at the site.</p><br>
<p>The hatchery facilities were used by the State of Oregon to grow trout and salmon until the early 1950s. Over the years, it grew to be a large operation. In 1951, the hatchery collected 1,530,560 fish eggs for breeding. The state then decided to replace the old hatchery with a modern production facility. Between 1952 and 1953, the entire hatchery operation was moved to a new facility about a half-mile downstream from the original site adjacent to the Leaburg Dam. The old hatchery was closed in 1953.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, Lane County commissioned a study to determine if the abandoned hatchery site should be developed. The study found that the old McKenzie hatchery had historic and natural value, and recommended that the site be developed as a public park. Because of its unique architecture and importance to the history of the McKenzie River Valley, the Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. In 2007, the Lane County Parks Advisory Committee endorsed a plan to expand the facilities at the site of the historic fish hatchery to include a small museum and an interpretive center.</p><br>
<h2>County park</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery is a 46 acre park operated by Lane County. The historic site has eight main buildings and seven minor structures. The main hatchery buildings have been renovated, and are used as an environmental education center. There are interpretive signs on the grounds that describe hatchery operations and highlight some remaining artifacts. It is also home to the McKenzie River Chamber of Commerce Information Center. Because it is located just off Highway 126 (also known as the McKenzie River Highway), the hatchery is a popular rest stop for travelers. At the site, there are picnic tables, restrooms, drinking water, and parking. In addition, the facilities meet all the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of the Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery work with the Lane County Parks Division to develop and maintain the historic site. According to its charter, the group was established to "perpetuate and maintain the Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery to achieve the highest quality for the public benefit; to enhance the historic features of the property…to encourage use of the site for educational purposes, and to provide facilities for the public enjoyment and use of its natural and historic features."</p><br>
<p>Redfish Lake is an alpine lake in the western United States in central Idaho. It is located in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, at the base of the Sawtooth Mountains in Custer County, south of Stanley.</p><br>
<p>It is named for the brilliant sockeye salmon that once returned from the Pacific Ocean in such massive quantities that the lake shimmered red during spawning season. Currently, only a small percentage of the wild sockeye succeed in making through the several hydroelectric dams along their route back to the lake to spawn. Sockeye must not be targeted while fishing and must immediately be released if they are caught.</p><br>
<p>The surface elevation of Redfish Lake is 6,547 ft above sea level. The lake is 4.5 mi long and 0.72 mi wide, with a maximum depth of 387 ft, and 11 mi of shoreline. The actual trail around the lake is 17.5 mi in length.</p><br>
<p>The average temperature of the lake ranges from freezing (32 &deg;F) to a high of around 62 &deg;F in late July & early August. The lake freezes over in winter, with ice thickness of 30 –.</p><br>
<p>The peaks which frame the lake at its south end are</p><br>
<p>Mount Heyburn at 10,229 ft to the west</p><br>
<p>Grand Mogul at 9,733 ft.</p><br>
<p>Redfish Lake is approximately 5 mi south of Stanley; a paved access road from State Highway 75 delivers motorists to the visitor area at the north shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Fitzroy Islands comprise a group of four rocky islets that lie within the upper reaches of Payne Bay in Port Davey, an oceanic inlet, located in the south west region of Tasmania, Australia. The islands have a combined area of approximately 0.18 hectare and are contained with the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site and the Port Davey/Bathurst Harbour Marine Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Features and location</h2><br>
<p>Part of the Breaksea Islands Group, the Fitzroy Islands are part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird species are the silver gull, sooty oystercatcher and Caspian tern.</p><br>
<p>The Thomasville Historic District is a historic district in the city of Thomasville, Alabama. Thomasville was founded in 1888, along the then newly constructed railroad between Mobile and Selma. The city&#39;s business district suffered a major fire in 1899, with only one brick building surviving. The historic district features examples of early commercial, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Craftsman, and regional vernacular architecture. The historic district is centered on the old business district and is roughly bounded by USA Highway 43, West Front Street, Wilson Street, and West Third Street. It is a part of the Clarke County Multiple Property Submission and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 12, 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Mavourneen Rocks is a group of four steep, rocky islets that lie within Port Davey, an oceanic inlet, located in the south west region of Tasmania, Australia. The islets have a combined area of approximately 0.88 hectare and are contained with the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site and the Port Davey/Bathurst Harbour Marine Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Features and location</h2><br>
<p>Part of the Breaksea Islands Group, the Mavourneen Rocks are part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird species are the little penguin (20 pairs), Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher.</p><br>
<p>West Pyramid is an unpopulated steep-sided island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 1 km north of the mouth of Port Davey where it meets the Southern Ocean, the 2.5 hectare island is part of the Trumpeter Islets Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the short-tailed shearwater (3000 pairs), fairy prion (1-2000 pairs), Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. The Tasmanian tree skink is present.</p><br>
<p>Hobbs Island, also known as Green Island, is an unpopulated island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. Situated some 1 km north of where the mouth of Port Davey meets the Southern Ocean, the 9.7 hectare island is part of the Trumpeter Islets Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Port Davey Islands Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for breeding seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (11,000 pairs), short-tailed shearwater (11,000 pairs), Pacific gull, sooty oystercatcher and pied oystercatcher. The rakali has been recorded from the island. The Tasmanian tree skink is present.</p><br>
